Time transfer and significance of vertical land motion in relativistic geodesy applications: a review paper

Determination of the Earth’s gravity field and geopotential value is one fundamental topics in physical geodesy. Traditional terrestrial precise leveling measurements can be used to determine values at a local or regional scale. However, recent developments optical atomic clocks have not only rapidly improved science but also contributed applied research. The latest generation approaching accuracy level 10 −18 when facilitating clock networks. These systems allow examining theories many research applications, such as applications relativistic geodesy, precisely parameters (e.g., values). According theory frequency difference measured by an network related potential anomaly, provided that effects disturbing signals (i.e., tidal non-tidal contributions) are filtered out. geodesy principle could for practical realization global geodetic infrastructure, most importantly, vertical datum unification height systems. This paper aims review background (clock-based) study variations due hydrology loading land motion).